Presença de risco de transtorno do estresse pós-traumático em policiais militares feridos por arma de fogo / Presence of risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in military police officers wounded by firearms / Presencia de riesgo de trastorno de estrés postraumático en policías militares heridos por armamiento de fuego

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o risco de desenvolvimento de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), bem como sua associação com pensamentos ou tentativas suicidas e a saúde mental de policiais militares feridos por arma de fogo, na Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), nos anos de 2017 a 2019. A pesquisa contou com a participação de 30 entrevistados, que responderam o Inventário Demográfico e a Lista de verificação de TEPT para o DSM-5 (PCL-5). Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a técnica estatística Análise Exploratória de Dados e a técnica multivariada Análise de Correspondência. Os resultados revelaram a existência de risco de desenvolvimento do transtorno de forma parcial ou total em uma expressiva parcela da população entrevistada, tendo homens como maioria dos sintomáticos, com média de 38 anos, exercendo atividades operacionais e vitimados em via pública quando estavam de folga do serviço. O ferimento deixou a maioria com sequelas, com destaque para dores crônicas, limitações de locomoção e/ou mobilidade e perda parcial de um membro. E, ainda, policiais sintomáticos apresentaram comportamentos suicidas, relatando já terem pensado ou tentado tirar a própria vida. Desta forma, conclui-se que policiais militares são expostos constantemente a traumas inerentes a sua profissão. Quando há ameaça de vida, como nos casos de ferimentos por arma de fogo, são suscetíveis a sequelas físicas decorrente do ferimento, somadas a sequelas mentais tardias, como o surgimento de sintomatologias de TEPT e ideação suicida.(AU)

This study aimed to identify the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its associations around suicidal thoughts or attempts and mental health in military police officers injured by firearms, in the Metropolitan Region of Belem (RMB), from 2017 to 2019. The research had the participation of 30 respondents who answered the Demographic Inventory and the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). For data analysis, we used the statistical technique Exploratory Data Analysis and the multivariate technique Correspondence Analysis. The results revealed the existence of risk of developing partial or total disorder in a significant portion of the interviewed population, with men as most of the symptomatic individuals, with mean age of 38 years, developing operational activities and victimized on public roads when they were off duty. The injuries left most of them with sequelae, especially chronic pain, limited locomotion and/or mobility, and partial loss of a limb. In addition, symptomatic officers showed suicidal behavior, such as reporting they had thought about or tried to take their own lives. Thus, we conclude that military policemen are constantly exposed to traumas inherent to their profession. When their lives are threatened, as in the case of firearm wounds, they are susceptible to physical sequelae resulting from the injury, in addition to late mental sequelae, such as the appearance of PTSD symptoms and suicidal ideation.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar el riesgo de desarrollo de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y sus asociaciones con pensamientos o tentativas suicidas y la salud mental en policías militares heridos por armamiento de fuego, en la Región Metropolitana de Belém (Brasil), en el período entre 2017 y 2019. En el estudio participaron 30 entrevistados que respondieron el Inventario Demográfico y la Lista de verificación de TEPT para el DSM-5 (PCL-5). Para el análisis de datos se utilizaron la técnica estadística Análisis Exploratoria de Datos y la técnica multivariada Análisis de Correspondencia. Los resultados revelaron que existen riesgos de desarrollo de trastorno de estrés postraumático de forma parcial o total en una expresiva parcela de la población de policías entrevistados, cuya mayoría de sintomáticos eran hombres, de 38 años en media, que ejercen actividades operacionales y fueron victimados en vía pública cuándo estaban de día libre del servicio. La lesión dejó la mayoría con secuelas, especialmente con dolores crónicos, limitaciones de locomoción y/o movilidad y la pierda parcial de un miembro. Aún los policías sintomáticos presentaran comportamiento suicida, tales como relataran qué ya pensaron o tentaron quitar la propia vida. Se concluye que los policías militaran se exponen constantemente a los traumas inherentes a su profesión. Cuando existe amenaza de vida, como en los casos de heridas por armamiento de fuego, son expuestos a secuelas físicas transcurridas de la herida, sumado a secuelas mentales tardías, como el surgimiento de sintomatologías de TEPT y la ideación suicida.(AU)

Prevenção do suicídio: esquecimento do ser e era da técnica / Suicide prevention: forgetfulness of being and technical era / Prevención del suicidio: olvido del ser y la era de la técnica

Martin Heidegger, em sua ontologia, destaca uma característica específica da atualidade que atravessa o comportamento humano, na filosofia, na ciência ou no senso comum: o esquecimento do ser. O filósofo diferencia a época atual das demais épocas históricas. O horizonte histórico contemporâneo se desvela por meio do desafio e da exploração, da tentativa de controle e domínio dos acontecimentos, ao modo da disponibilidade e em função da produtividade. O filósofo esclarece que todo esse desenraizamento do homem atual está atrelado ao esquecimento daquilo que é o mais essencial, qual seja, a existência. A questão que norteia este estudo é apurar, por meio das referências de Heidegger e dos estudos sobre suicídio, o quanto a interpretação da morte voluntária nos dias atuais está atravessada por tal esquecimento. Pretendemos investigar o quanto as ações de prevenção desenvolvidas pela suicidologia se encontram atravessadas por tal esquecimento do ser do homem e, dessa forma, acabam por estabelecer relações entre ser e ente em uma consequente redução ao ente como invariante e atemporal. O caminho para investigar a questão iniciará por abordar, em maiores detalhes, a analítica existencial, a questão da técnica e o movimento de esquecimento do ser apontados por Heidegger a fim de problematizar as perspectivas científicas atuais sobre o suicídio em sua prevenção para, então, estabelecer uma compreensão fenomenológica e existencial sobre o referido fenômeno.(AU)

Martin Heidegger, in his ontology, highlights a specific characteristic of the present moment that crosses human behavior, in philosophy, science, or common sense: the forgetfulness of being. The philosopher differentiates the current age from other historical ages. The contemporary historical horizon is unveiled by the challenge and the exploration, from the attempt to control and dominate events, to the mode of standing reserve and in terms of productivity. The philosopher clarifies that all this uprooting of the current man is linked to the forgetfulness of what is the most essential, namely, the existence itself. The question that guides this study is to investigate, via Heidegger's references and studies on suicide, to what extent the interpretation of voluntary death today is crossed by such forgetfulness. We intend to investigate to what extent the prevention actions developed by suicidology are crossed by such forgetfulness of the human's being and, in this way, they end up establishing relationships between being and entity in a consequent reduction to entity as an invariant and timeless. The path to investigate the issue will start by addressing, in greater detail, the existential analytics, the question concerning technique and the movement of forgetting the being pointed out by Heidegger to problematize the current scientific perspectives on suicide and its prevention to, then, propose a phenomenological and existential understanding about the referred phenomenon.(AU)

Martin Heidegger en su ontología destaca una característica específica del presente que atraviesa el comportamiento humano, ya sea en la filosofía, la ciencia o el sentido común: el olvido del ser. El filósofo diferencia la época actual de otras épocas históricas. El horizonte histórico contemporáneo se devela el desafío y la exploración, el intento de controlar y dominar los eventos, en la modalidad de disponibilidad y en términos de productividad. Y así aclara que todo este desarraigo del hombre actual está involucrado en el olvido de lo más esencial, que es la existencia misma. A partir de las referencias a Heidegger y de los estudios sobre el suicidio, este estudio busca saber hasta qué punto la interpretación de la muerte voluntaria hoy está atravesada por este olvido. Pretendemos investigar en qué medida las acciones de prevención desarrolladas por la suicidología se encuentran atravesadas por el olvido del ser del hombre y, de esta manera, terminan por establecer relaciones entre el ser y el ente, en una consecuente reducción al ente como invariante y atemporal. Para investigar el tema se abordará inicialmente, con mayor detalle, la analítica existencial, la cuestión de la técnica y el movimiento del olvido del ser señalado por Heidegger para problematizar las perspectivas científicas actuales sobre el suicidio y su prevención y, luego, proponer una comprensión fenomenológica y existencial sobre el referido fenómeno.(AU)

Catatonia en la Población Infantojuvenil / Catatonia in the Child and Adolescent Population

La catatonia es un síndrome neuropsiquiátrico descrito en 1874 por el Dr. Karl Kahlbaum. Se caracteriza por presentar mutismo, estupor, catalepsia, estereotipias, negativismo y ecofenómenos, entre otros. Si bien se encuentra bien definido en adultos, existe poca información referida a su presentación en población infantil. En el presente artículo se revisarán diferentes aspectos de la presentación clínica y del abordaje terapéutico de este síndrome

Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome described by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874. It is characterized by mutism, stupor, catalepsy, stereotypes, negativism and ecophenomena, among others. Although it is well described in adults, there is little information regarding its presentation in children. In this article different aspects of the clinical presentation and therapeutic approach of this syndrome will be reviewed.

Síndrome De Cotard Y Catatonía: Reporte De Un Caso / Cotard's Syndrome And Catatonia: A Case Report

Resumen El Síndrome de Cotard es una condición neuropsiquiátrica poco frecuente, descrito inicialmente por Jules Cotard como un delirio hipocondríaco y luego como Delirio de negación, en que el paciente niega la existencia de partes de su cuerpo, la propia existencia y/o del mundo entero. La aparición de un Síndrome Catatónico junto al Síndrome de Cotard es aún más infrecuente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 72 años con una Depresión psicótica, que desarrolla un Síndrome de Cotard y posteriormente Catatonía. Logra buena respuesta tras la adición de Lorazepam y Venlafaxina al esquema farmacológico en curso, por lo que se desestima el uso de Terapia Electroconvulsiva. Se constata remisión total de síntomas y posterior recuperación funcional ad integrum, siendo evaluada a través de entrevista clínica, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale e Índice de Barthel. Además, se revisan otros reportes de caso sobre esta comorbilidad, y a diferencia de la mayoría de éstos, se destaca la favorable evolución de la paciente sin necesidad de Terapia Electroconvulsiva. Aún no se ha dilucidado la relación entre ambos síndromes, aunque algunos autores han planteado la hipótesis de vías neurobiológicas compartidas y otros han postulado la aparición de síntomas catatónicos como la progresión del Síndrome de Cotard. Para aclarar estas interrogantes, son necesarios más estudios al respecto que permitan conocer la etiopatogenia de esta inusual combinación.

Cotard's Syndrome is a rare neuropsychiatric condition, initially described by Jules Cotard as a hypochondriacal delusion and then as Delusion of negation, in which the patient denies the existence of parts of his body, his own existence and / or the entire world. The appearance of a Catatonic Syndrome together with Cotard Syndrome is even more infrequent. We present the case of a 72-year-old patient with a psychotic depression, who developed Cotard's Syndrome and later Catatonia. She achieves good response after the addition of Lorazepam and Venlafaxine to the current pharmacological treatment, so the use of Electroconvulsive Therapy is dismissed. Total remission of symptoms and subsequent functional recovery ad integrum was observed, being evaluated through clinical interview, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale and Barthel Index. In addition, other case reports on this comorbidity are reviewed, and unlike most of these, the favorable evolution of the patient stands out without the need for Electroconvulsive Therapy. The relationship between the two syndromes has not been elucidated, although some authors have proposed the hypothesis of shared neurobiological pathways and others have postulated the appearance of catatonic symptoms such as the progression of Cotard's Syndrome. To clarify these questions, more studies are needed in order to know the etiopathogenesis of this unusual combination.

Viraje de fase maníaca a catatonía por noxa somática aguda / Manic phase shift to catatonia by acute somatic noxa

El síndrome catatónico como entidad neuropsiquiátrica ha sufrido cambios conceptuales a través de la historia, incluyendo tanto la clínica de su presentación como sus posibles causas. Éste último elemento cobra especial importancia, dado que la catatonía puede presentarse tanto por diversos cuadros médicos así como por patología psiquiátrica primaria. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente con antecedente de trastorno afectivo bipolar ingresada por un episodio maníaco con síntomas psicóticos asociados a un evento vital estresante. La paciente, durante una infección respiratoria baja, cambia su presentación clínica, objetivándose elementos propios de un estupor depresivo y síndrome catatónico. Una vez tratado el cuadro infeccioso y descartadas las causas neurológicas de la catatonía, se realizó tratamiento con benzodiacepinas, iniciándose luego fármacos para depresión bipolar, obteniéndose excelente respuesta clínica. Se pretende en este reporte dar a conocer la importancia de detectar elementos catatoniformes en pacientes psiquiátricos ingresados en unidades de corta estadía, así como buscar siempre posibles causas médicas relacionadas.

The catatonic syndrome as a neuropsychiatric entity has undergone conceptual changes throughout history, including both the clinical presentation and its possible causes. This last element is particularly important, given that catatonia can occur both in different medical situations as well as in primary psychiatric pathology. We present the clinical case of a patient with a history of bipolar affective disorder, hospitalized because of a manic episode with psychotic symptoms associated with a stressful life event. The patient, during a low respiratory infection, changes its clinical presentation, with elements of a depressive stupor and catatonic syndrome. Once the infectious symptoms were treated and the neurological causes of catatonia were ruled out, treatment with benzodiazepines was carried out, and then drugs for bipolar depression were started, obtaining an excellent clinical response. The aim of this report is to make known the importance of detecting catatoniform elements in psychiatric patients admitted to short-stay units, as well as to look for possible related medical causes.

Steroid Non-responsive Hashimoto's Encephalopathy Improved by Rituximab

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is a rare autoimmune disease, with symptoms of encephalopathy and high titers of serum anti-thyroid antibodies. Current diagnostic criteria include corticosteroid responsiveness, but in some cases, they are refractory to corticosteroids. In steroid non-responders, other immunomodulatory therapies could be applied. Recently, Rituximab is reported as a safe and effective treatment for Hashimoto's encephalopathy. We report a 50-year-old woman with Hashimoto's encephalopathy presented with confusion and catatonia who was refractory to corticosteroid and immunoglobulin but effectively treated with rituximab.

Clinical and demographic profile of catatonic patients who received electroconvulsive therapy in a South African setting

Background: Catatonia is a psychomotor dysregulation syndrome seen in several illnesses. Uncertainties exist regarding its prevalence and causes. While some research shows a strong association with mood disorders, other data show catatonia to be strongly associated with schizophrenia. Data from low- and middle-income countries are required. Aim: To determine the clinical and demographic profile of patients with catatonia that received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) between 01 January 2012 and 31 December 2014. Setting: The study was conducted at Elizabeth Donkin Psychiatric Hospital in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape. The hospital has mostly patients admitted under the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002 as Involuntary Mental Health Care Users. Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted. Using the hospital ECT database, all files of patients who received ECT for catatonia were identified. Demographics, psychiatric and medical diagnoses, signs of catatonia and other data were abstracted from these files. Results: Forty-two patients received ECT for catatonia, of whom 34 (80.95%) were diagnosed with a psychotic illness. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis (n = 19; 45.24%), followed by psychotic disorder owing to a general medical condition (n = 8; 19.05). Human immunodeficiency deficiency virus was the cause in 75.00% of the patients whose medical conditions caused catatonia. Seven (16.67%) patients had mood disorders, with bipolar I disorder accounting for 6 (14.29%) of these. Conclusion: Psychotic disorders were more frequent than mood disorders in the sample. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis, followed by psychotic disorder owing to a general medical condition

Catatonia y delirium: síndromes que pueden confluir en el paciente neuropsiquiátrico / Catatonia and Delirium: Syndromes that may Converge in the Neuropsychiatrie Patient

Resumen Introducción: La catatonia y el delírium son 2 síndromes diferentes e independientes. La catatonia es un síndrome psicomotor asociado a una variedad de enfermedades de diferentes causas médicas y está caracterizado por ausencia de actividad, inducción de posturas pasivas contra gravedad, la oposición o ausencia de respuesta ante estímulos externos, flexibilidad cérea, estereotipias, manierismos y ecofenómenos, entre otros. El delirium se caracteriza por alteraciones de la conciencia y cognitivas, principalmente atención y orientación, habitualmente de aparición aguda, que tiende a fluctuar durante el día y con evidencia de que la alteración es una consecuencia fisiológica directa de una enfermedad, una intoxicación o la abstinencia de alguna sustancia. A pesar de las diferencias y que las clasificaciones excluyen la posibilidad de que estos síndromes puedan presentarse juntos, varios reportes de casos y estudios en grupos de pacientes han planteado que pueden darse las 2 condiciones conjuntamente. Material y métodos: En el presente estudio se detectó a 16 pacientes hospitalizados en quienes concomitaban ambos síndromes, identificados mediante la escala Delirium rating scale-R (DRS-98) y la escala de Bush y Francis de Catatonia (BFCRS). Resultados: Se siguió el desenlace durante la hospitalización y su condición clínica al egreso. Estos pacientes en su mayoría tenían diagnósticos neurológicos, tuvieron una hospitalización larga, requirieron tratamiento con antipsicóticos y benzodiacepinas y sufrieron frecuentes complicaciones. Conclusiones: Catatonia y delirium son síndromes que pueden presentarse al mismo tiempo, lo que lleva a que los pacientes tengan peor desenlace y mayor riesgo de complicaciones.

Abstract Introduction: Catatonia and delirium are two different and independent syndromes. Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome associated with a variety of diseases of different medical causes and is characterised by lack of activity, induction of passive postures against gravity, opposition or absence of response to external stimuli, waxy flexibility, stereotypies, mannerisms and echophenomena. Delirium is characterised by consciousness and cognitive alterations, mainly attention and orientation and usually of acute onset, which tend to fluctuate during the day and with evidence that the alteration is a direct physiological consequence of a disease, intoxication or substance withdrawal. Despite the differences and the fact that the classifications exclude the possibility that these syndromes may manifest together, several case reports and studies in groups of patients have postulated that the two conditions can occur together. Material and methods: In this study we identified 16 hospitalised patients who experienced both syndromes at the same time as confirmed by the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised (DRS-98) and the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS). Results: Patient outcome was followed during hospitalisation and the patients' clinical condition upon discharge. These patients had mostly neurological diagnoses, long hospital stays, required treatment with antipsychotics and benzodiazepines and had frequent complications. Conclusions: Catatonia and delirium are syndromes that can present at the same time, resulting in worse patient outcome and an increased risk of complications.

Síndrome catatónico: ¿síndrome neuropsiquiátrico o enfermedades sistémicas? / Catatonic syndrome: neuropsychiatric syndrome or systemic diseases?

Descubierto por el psiquiatra Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum en 1868. Durante muchos años la observación de síntomas y signos del síndrome catatónico se asoció a enfermedad psiquiátrica y particularmente con la esquizofrenia. Kraepelin (1896): incluye a la catatonia dentro de la "demencia precoz", junto a la hebefrenia y paranoia. Bleuler (1924): Subtipo de Esquizofrenia. Schneider los define como trastornos de las tendencias y la voluntad. Jaspers separa los trastornos de la voluntad de los de la motricidad. "Durante más de 125 años después de que Karl Kahlbaum clasificó la catatonía como una entidad psicopatológica distinta, se ha informado abrumadoramente en relación con muchas condiciones" (Fink M., (2010) 1. Definición actual: Los trastornos catatónicos son un grupo de síntomas caracterizados por alteraciones en el comportamiento motor (movimiento muscular) que pueden tener una base psicológica o fisiológica. (Enciclopedia de los trastornos mentales) 2. "Con los grandes avances en las neurociencias básicas y clínicas que han transcurrido durante la última década, finalmente estamos dilucidando los mecanismos que subyacen a la complejidad y la diversidad desconcertante de la fenomenología catatónica" (Stowe R. (2002) 3. La fisiopatología de la catatonía es compleja e incluye alteraciones en la dopamina y otros sistemas neurotransmisores, posibles anomalías de los canales iónicos y disfunción de los circuitos frontal-neocortical, límbico e incluso del tronco cerebral.

Catatonia, beyond a psychiatric syndrome / Catatonia, além de uma síndrome psiquiátrica

ABSTRACT Although catatonia is a well-known psychiatric syndrome, there are many possible systemic and neurological etiologies. The aim of this case report was to present a case of a patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and infarction in which catatonia was the clinical manifestation of a possible nonconvulsive status epilepticus. To our knowledge, only one such case has been reported in the literature, which had a simplified diagnostic investigation. It is important to correctly recognize the organic cause underlying catatonia in order to treat the patient as soon as possible thereby improving outcome. Therefore, physicians need to update their knowledge on catatonia, recognizing that it can be part of a psychiatric or neurologic condition.

RESUMO Embora a catatonia seja uma síndrome psiquiátrica bem conhecida, existem várias etiologias possíveis, tanto sistêmicas quanto neurológicas. O objetivo deste relato de caso é apresentar um quadro de trombose venosa central com infarto venoso em que a catatonia foi a manifestação clínica de um possível status não convulsivo. Na concepção dos autores, apenas um caso é encontrado na literatura, porém com uma propedêutica simplificada. É importante o correto reconhecimento das causas orgânicas que podem estar causando a catatonia para que sejam corrigidas assim que possível, melhorando o prognóstico do paciente. Além disso, os médicos precisam atualizar seus conhecimentos sobre a catatonia, uma vez que ela pode ser parte tanto de uma condição psiquiátrica quanto neurológica.

Catatonia ictal en el Servicio de Urgencia: una rara forma de presentación del estado epiléptico no convulsivo / Ictal catatonia presentation as a non-convulsive status epilepticus: a case report

The differential diagnosis of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is often complex due to a wide clinical variability of its presentation, including psychiatric manifestations. We report a 68 years old male with a history of depression treated with venlafaxine, mirtazapine, quetiapine and risperidone, presenting in the emergency room with confusion and generalized rigidity. A brain CT scan did not show lesions. A neuroleptic syndrome was initially suspected. At the third day the obtundation worsened and an electroencephalogram (EEG) was performed, which showed epileptiform abnormalities. Treatment with valproic acid resulted in disappearance of such abnormalities. After three weeks of mechanical ventilation, the patient was extubated and remained lucid and partially orientated in time and space.

Development and validation of the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale - Brazilian version / Desenvolvimento e validação da versão brasileira da escala de classificação de Bush-Francis para catatonia

ABSTRACT Objective: This article aims to describe the adaptation and translation process of the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) and its reduced version, the Bush-Francis Catatonia Screening Instrument (BFCSI) for Brazilian Portuguese, as well as its validation. Methods: Semantic equivalence processes included four steps: translation, back translation, evaluation of semantic equivalence and a pilot-study. Validation consisted of simultaneous applications of the instrument in Portuguese by two examiners in 30 catatonic and 30 non-catatonic patients. Results: Total scores averaged 20.07 for the complete scale and 7.80 for its reduced version among catatonic patients, compared with 0.47 and 0.20 among non-catatonic patients, respectively. Overall values of inter-rater reliability of the instruments were 0.97 for the BFCSI and 0.96 for the BFCRS. Conclusion: The scale's version in Portuguese proved to be valid and was able to distinguish between catatonic and non-catatonic patients. It was also reliable, with inter-evaluator reliability indexes as high as those of the original instrument.

RESUMO Objetivo: O artigo tem como objetivo descrever o processo de tradução e adaptação da Escala de Catatonia Bush-Francis (ECBF) e de sua versão reduzida (ICBF) para o Português, bem como sua validação. Métodos: O processo de equivalência semântica foi realizado em quatro passos: tradução, retro-tradução, avaliação da equivalência semântica e estudo-piloto. A validação consistiu em aplicações dos instrumentos em português simultâneas por dois avaliadores em 30 pacientes com catatonia e 30 pacientes sem catatonia. Resultados: Média dos escores totais em pacientes catatônicos foi de 20,07 para a versão completa e 7,80 para versão reduzida, contra 0,47 e 0,20 em pacientes não-catatônicos respectivamente. Valores gerais para confiabilidade inter-observador dos instrumentos foi de 0,97 para ICBF e 0,96 para ECBF. Conclusão: A versão em Português da escala provou ser válida e capaz de diferenciar pacientes catatônicos daqueles sem catatonia. Também mostrou ser confiável, com índices inter-avaliadores tão altos quanto no instrumento original.

Practical Considerations in Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been recognized effective as primary or secondary treatments for major psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia, as well as psychiatric emergency such as suicide, food refusal and catatonia, and so on. Medicines used in anesthetic induction for ECT, cause various reactions in autonomous, hemodynamic, and neuromuscular systems. The anesthetics also affect the duration, threshold, and intensity of seizures evoked with electric stimuli, and thus modify the seizure quality in ECT. Individual characteristics of age, sex, weight, comorbid physical disorders, and medications should also be considered for optimal clinical response after ECT. When preparing for anesthesia, adequate anesthetic agents and muscle relaxants, and rapid recovery should be carefully considered. We conducted a case-series study to address practical issues that are frequently encountered during ECT anesthesia with reviews of updated journals in order to provide practical helps to clinicians who are preparing ECT for their patients.

A Case of Catatonia Later Diagnosed with NMDA Receptor Encephalitis / 대한정신분열병학회지

We report a case of a young female patient with catatonic features who later turned out to be suffering from an anti-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-receptor-antibody encephalitis. A previously healthy 21-year-old woman was admitted to psychiatric inpatient care presenting with acute psychotic behavior with catatonic features. Laboratory tests of serum and CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid), EEG (Electroencephalogram), brain MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) were unremarkable except vague slow wave on EEG. However, subtle cognitive impairment at the bedside examination suggested further imaging studies to rule out possible organic etiology like autoimmune encephalitis. Brain PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) suggested probable inflammation in the brain. In case of autoimmune encephalitis, given the severity of symptoms and worsening course, steroid pulse therapy was initiated promptly even though the diagnosis was not confirmed but presumed at that time. She recovered completely with steroid therapy. Later her disease turned out to be anti-NMDA-receptor-antibody encephalitis by the antibody test which was not available at the time of admission. Psychiatrists need to be aware of autoimmune encephalitis like anti-NMDA-receptor-antibody encephalitis in the differential diagnosis of acute psychosis with catatonic features. Subtle cognitive impairment which tends to be overlooked due to catatonic features might be a clue to suspect the organic etiology.

Kraepelin's description of chronic mania: a clinical picture that meets the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia phenotype / A descrição de Kraepelin de mania crônica: um quadro clínico que corresponde ao fenótipo da variante comportamental da demência fronto-temporal

ABSTRACT Chronic mania is an under-investigated condition and few reports have associated this disorder with an organic background. The present work examines Kraepelin’s reliable description of chronic mania from a current behavioral neurology viewpoint. Kraepelin had described a cluster of symptoms that are now recognized as core manifestations of the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) clinical phenotype. We also carried out additional reviews of original manuscripts from Kraepelin’s peers, in order to find any case reports that might fulfill the current diagnostic proposal for bvFTD. Even though we failed to find an ideal case, we found some scholars who seemed to agree that chronic mania should be considered a special form of dementia. The present work highlights, through historical data, the possible overlapping features between primary psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms secondary to neurodegenerative conditions.

RESUMO A mania crônica constitui uma condição subinvestigada e alguns trabalhos têm associado esta desordem a um substrato orgânico. O presente manuscrito analisa a descrição fidedigna de Kraepelin de mania crônica a partir de um ponto de vista atual da neurologia comportamental. Concebemos que ele havia descrito um conjunto de sintomas que atualmente é reconhecido como manifestações centrais do fenótipo clínico da variante comportamental da demência frontotemporal (bvFTD). Também realizamos uma revisão adicional de manuscritos originais de pares contemporâneos de Kraepelin, a fim de procurar por um único relato de caso que poderia preencher critério diagnóstico atual de bvFTD. Mesmo que não tenhamos conseguido encontrar um caso perfeitamente exemplar, identificamos que alguns estudiosos da época pareciam concordar que a mania crônica devesse ser considerada uma forma especial de demência. O presente trabalho destaca por meio de dados históricos a sobreposição entre transtornos psiquiátricos primários e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos secundários a doenças neurodegenerativas.

Malignant catatonia responsive to low doses of lorazepam: case report / Catatonia maligna responsiva a baixas doses de lorazepam: relato de caso

Abstract CONTEXT: Catatonia can be divided into non-malignant or malignant. The latter is characterized by autonomic instability, exhibiting high fever, tachycardia and hypertension, and is regarded as a fulminant and rapidly progressive subtype. CASE REPORT: This article reports a case of malignant catatonia in a 43-year-old patient who had been presenting psychiatric disorders for the last three years. The patient was stable, maintaining mutism, immobility and autonomic abnormalities. Oral lorazepam (1 mg every eight hours) was introduced and, in a few hours, the patient became afebrile. Two days later, the patient was already responding to verbal commands. CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention with lorazepam reduced the evolution of this patient to a fatal complication. Therefore, this case report sought to show that early diagnosis and intervention reduced the occurrence of serious and irreversible clinical outcomes.

Resumo CONTEXTO: A catatonia pode ser dividida em não maligna ou maligna. A maligna se caracteriza pela instabilidade autonômica, exibindo febre elevada, taquicardia e hipertensão, além de ser considerada um subtipo fulminante e rapidamente progressivo. RELATO DE CASO: Este artigo relata um caso de catatonia maligna em paciente de 43 anos, com transtornos psiquiátricos há três anos. A paciente estava estável, mantendo o mutismo, a imobilidade e as anormalidades autonômicas. Foi introduzido lorazepam, via oral, 1 mg de oito em oito horas, e em algumas horas, a paciente ficou afebril. Em dois dias, já estava respondendo a comandos verbais. CONCLUSÕES: Intervenção precoce com lorazepam preveniu a evolução desta paciente para um desfecho fatal. Portanto, este relato de caso mostrou que o diagnóstico e a intervenção precoces reduziram a ocorrência de desfechos graves e irreversíveis.

Trombosis venosa profunda como complicación médica en un paciente con catatonía / Deep venous thrombosis as a medical complication in a catatonic patient

La catatonía es un síndrome psiquiátrico cuya conceptualización ha conocido diversos avatares, desde la ya clásica descripción hecha por Kahlbaum. Su prevalencia oscila entre el 7% a 31% de pacientes psiquiátricos, aunque se reporta que frecuentemente es subdiagnosticada. Se sabe que la catatonía prolongada puede resultar en complicaciones serias para la vida del paciente debido a la prolongada inmovilidad y deshidratación, por lo que consideramos importante presentar el caso de un paciente varón de 52 años como ejemplo de catatonía con síntomas psicóticos y que desarrolló una complicación médica no psiquiátrica: trombosis venosa profunda de miembro inferior izquierdo. El paciente fue tratado con diazepam y olanzapina, además del manejo de la trombosis con anticoagulantes; se observó mejoría de la sintomatología psiquiátrica a partir de las dos primeras semanas de tratamiento.

Catatonia is a psychiatric syndrome whose conceptualization has gone through a variety of vicissitudes since the classic description by Kahlbaum. Its prevalence ranges from 7% to 31% among psychiatric patients, but it often goes underdiagnosed. It is well known that prolonged catatonia can result in serious complications for the patientÆs life due to prolonged immobility and dehydration, so we consider relevant to present the case of a 52-year-old male patient as an example of catatonia with psychotic symptoms developing a non-psychiatric medical complication: deep venous thrombosis of the lower left limb. The patient was treated with diazepam and olanzapine in addition to the management of medical complications with anticoagulants: improvement of the psychiatric symptoms was observed after two weeks of treatment.

Impact of High Dose Lorazepam on Seizure Threshold in Catatonia: Experience from a Case Study

No abstract available.

Brain Stimulation and Modulation for Autism Spectrum Disorder / 한양의대학술지

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by a range of conditions including impairments in social interaction, communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Pharmacological treatments can improve some symptoms of ASD, but the effect is limited and there is a huge unmet demand for successful interventions of ASD. Brain stimulation and modulation are emerging treatment options for ASD: electroconvulsive therapy for catatonia in ASD, vagal nerve stimulation for comorbid epilepsy and ASD, and deep brain stimulation for serious self-injurious behavior. Therapeutic tools are evolving to mechanism-driven treatment. Excitation/Inhibition (E/I) imbalance alters the brain mechanism of information processing and behavioral regulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can stabilize aberrant neuroplasticity by improving E/I balance. These brain stimulation and modulation methods are expected to be used for exploration of the pathophysiology and etiology of ASD and might facilitate the development of a mechanism-driven solution of core domains of ASD in the future.